How to define a method in Ruby?

In Ruby, defining methods is a fundamental aspect of organizing and encapsulating code. Methods are blocks of code that perform specific tasks or actions and can be reused throughout your program. Here’s how you define a method in Ruby:

1. Using the `def` Keyword: To define a method, you use the `def` keyword, followed by the method name, a pair of parentheses for method arguments (if any), and then the method body enclosed in a `do…end` or curly braces `{}` block. Here’s a basic method definition:

```ruby

   def greet(name)

     puts "Hello, #{name}!"

   end

   ```

   In this example, we’ve defined a method called `greet` that takes one argument `name` and prints a greeting message with the provided name.

2. Calling the Method: Once a method is defined, you can call it by using its name, followed by parentheses containing the required arguments (if any). Here’s how you call the `greet` method:

  ```ruby

   greet("Alice")  # Outputs: "Hello, Alice!"

   ```

3. Return Values: Methods in Ruby can return values using the `return` keyword. If no `return` statement is specified, the method returns the value of the last evaluated expression by default. For example:

 ```ruby

   def add(a, b)

     result = a + b

     return result

   end

   ```

   Alternatively, you can simplify this to:

```ruby

   def add(a, b)

     a + b  # The result of this expression is automatically returned

   end

   ```

4. Method Visibility: By default, methods in Ruby are public, meaning they can be called from anywhere in your program. You can specify visibility using the `public`, `private`, or `protected` keywords to control the accessibility of methods within classes.

```ruby

   class MyClass

     def public_method

       # This method is public

     end




     private




     def private_method

       # This method is private

     end

   end

   ```

Defining and using methods is a fundamental concept in Ruby, allowing you to encapsulate logic, promote code reuse, and make your programs more organized and maintainable. Understanding how to create and call methods is essential for effective Ruby programming.